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[libvirt-users] virNodeGetCPUStats and virDomainGetCPUStats have same name in pyton binding as getCPUStats
by Buggi, Harsha 18 Sep '12

18 Sep '12

Hi, virNodeGetCPUStats and virDomainGetCPUStats have same name in pyton binding as getCPUStats virDomainGetCPUStats gets called internally when we use the method getCPUStats. How do we access virNodeGetCPUStats? Regards, Harsha

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[libvirt-users] nwfilter example for security
by Java 18 Sep '12

18 Sep '12

hi, libvirt folks, I'm trying to use libvirt's nwfilter to achieve two goals: 1, by default all ports are closed, means that the virtual machine is isolated. 2, only some selected ports are opened, for example, tcp 22 for ssh, tcp 80 for http web, udp 67 and 68 for dhcp. Can somebody drop me a simple example how to do this in libvirt? I'm using libvirt 0.10.1, the latest version. thanks.

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[libvirt-users] Network inoperable with QEMU arm example image
by Larry Brown 18 Sep '12

18 Sep '12

I posted the following message a few days ago. Does anyone have a minute to look at the output of the troubleshooting tools and advise if they appear correct or if anything stands out as a problem? Or is there another valid direction to go in to find out why the network fails? I'm really stumped here and if there is no other direction to go in I'm dead in the water. So should I just start playing taps? "I am running Fedora 16 64bit and installed libvirt. I have the VM running with arm emulation with this one issue I can't figure out. I used Virtual Machine Manager to manage the VM and can access its console there. The Ethernet appears to be eth1 and the guest can set an IP on it etc. However, I cannot see any traffic from the Host when dumping any of the interfaces. I've tried several combinations of network setups using the GUI and none appear to work. Optimally I'd like to bridge to my primary interface (em1) and be able to pull an address and talk directly to my network so I can download packages etc while in the VM. I tried setting up networking in that fashion with: Source Device : em1 with macvtap Device Model: Hypervisor Default Source Mode: Bridge but alas I cannot pull dhcp nor can I set a static address and ping other interfaces on the network. It also appears that every time I start the VM it creates another vnetX interface. One of the troubleshooting pages I came across listed all the tools but nothing about what to look for: 1) virsh net-list --all Name State Autostart ----------------------------------------- default active yes 2) brctl show bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces virbr0 8000.52540029e6c7 yes virbr0-nic vnet0 vnet1 vnet2 vnet3 vnet4 3) sysctl net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables sysctl net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1 4) iptables -L -v -n Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 767K packets, 189M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT udp -- virbr0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp dpt:53 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- virbr0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:53 0 0 ACCEPT udp -- virbr0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp dpt:67 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- virbr0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:67 Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * virbr0 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.122.0/24 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 0 0 ACCEPT all -- virbr0 * 192.168.122.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 ACCEPT all -- virbr0 virbr0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 REJECT all -- * virbr0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-port-unreachable 0 0 REJECT all -- virbr0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-port-unreachable Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 532K packets, 79M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 5) ps -ef | grep dnsmasq nobody 12382 1 0 Sep11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/dnsmasq --strict-order --bind-interfaces --pid-file=/var/run/libvirt/network/default.pid --conf-file= --except-interface lo --listen-address 192.168.122.1 --dhcp-range 192.168.122.2,192.168.122.254 --dhcp-leasefile=/var/lib/libvirt/dnsmasq/default.leases --dhcp-lease-max=253 --dhcp-no-override 6) ifconfig -a em1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:19:B9:48:2B:BA inet addr:10.45.212.46 Bcast:10.45.212.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::219:b9ff:fe48:2bba/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:19048593 errors:95686 dropped:154 overruns:0 frame:98437 TX packets:10619346 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:12559170813 (11.6 GiB) TX bytes:1700214519 (1.5 GiB) Interrupt:16 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:2978074 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:2978074 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:847201395 (807.9 MiB) TX bytes:847201395 (807.9 MiB) macvtap0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:AC:7F:0C inet6 addr: fe80::5054:ff:feac:7f0c/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:294814 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:42804350 (40.8 MiB) TX bytes:468 (468.0 b) virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:29:E6:C7 inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:621 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:43217 (42.2 KiB) virbr0-nic Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:29:E6:C7 BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) vnet0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:54:00:AC:7F:0C BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:38159 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:1995337 (1.9 MiB) vnet1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:54:00:AC:7F:0C BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:37299 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:1949439 (1.8 MiB) vnet2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:54:00:AC:7F:0C BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:36154 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:1888745 (1.8 MiB) vnet3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:54:00:AC:7F:0C BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:35068 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:1832375 (1.7 MiB) vnet4 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:54:00:AC:7F:0C BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:207 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:10896 (10.6 KiB) 7) cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward 1 Any help I can get to resolve this would be greatly appreciated. Very frustrating... Larry

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[libvirt-users] network comanline to xml
by basti 18 Sep '12

18 Sep '12

hello, i start a kvm guest with the following comand line: kvm -hda myimage.img -m 1024 -smp 2 \ -net nic -net tap,ifname=tap0,script=no now a plan to start this via libvirt. I have try to set nat via the libvirt-manager but this doesn't connect to network. So i try to use bridge network via the GUI and get a "non supported" error when i use tap0 as "bridge device". How can i "convert" the "-net nic -net tap,ifname=tap0,script=no" to a valid libvirt-xml file? The following example is also buggy: <interface type='network'> <mac address='52:54:00:46:3e:70'/> <source network='default'/> <target dev='tap0'/> <model type='virtio'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x03' function='0x0'$ </interface> thanks

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[libvirt-users] Failed to reboot VM via virsh
by xuanmao_001 18 Sep '12

18 Sep '12

Hi, Eric: I want to reboot vm using libvirt reboot api virDomainReboot(). but it occured error like following: "error: Failed to reboot domain abc" "error: Requested operation is not valid: Reboot is not supported without the JSON monitor". I updated qemu version,such as "qemu-kvm-1.2.0", it still like that. can you give me any ideas? my libvirt version: 0.9.8. thanks. xuanmao_001

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[libvirt-users] network comanline to xml
by basti 15 Sep '12

15 Sep '12

hello, i start a kvm guest with the following comand line: kvm -hda myimage.img -m 1024 -smp 2 \ -net nic -net tap,ifname=tap0,script=no now a plan to start this via libvirt. I have try to set nat via the libvirt-manager but this doesn't connect. So i try to use bridge network via the GUI and get a "non supported" error when i use tap0 as "bridge device". How can i "convert" the "-net nic -net tap,ifname=tap0,script=no" to a valid libvirt-xml file? The following example is also buggy: <interface type='network'> <mac address='52:54:00:46:3e:70'/> <source network='default'/> <target dev='tap0'/> <model type='virtio'/> <address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x03' function='0x0'$ </interface> thanks

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[libvirt-users] How to disable dnsmasq from starting automatically with libvirtd
by Marwan Tanager 13 Sep '12

13 Sep '12

Hi. I have a machine with a local DHCP server and a couple of virtual networks and I've configured the server for each virtual interface, so that I would be able to install VMs on the corresponding subnets using PXE. The problem is that the two DHCP servers (my local server and dnsmasq) are conflicting with each other causing the boot process to either fails or takes ages untill a VM can catch the PXE parameters. Note this output upon starting two VMs on two different subnets: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- tail -n1 -f </var/log/syslog | egrep -i "dhcpd|dnsmasq-dhcp" Sep 13 05:11:25 host dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 52:54:00:72:f0:e2 via virbr0 Sep 13 05:11:25 host dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:11:26 host dhcpd: DHCPOFFER on 192.168.122.194 to 52:54:00:72:f0:e2 via virbr0 Sep 13 05:11:26 host dhcpd: DHCPOFFER on 192.168.100.107 to 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:11:27 host dhcpd: DHCPREQUEST for 192.168.122.194 (192.168.122.1) from 52:54:00:72:f0:e2 via virbr0 Sep 13 05:11:27 host dhcpd: DHCPACK on 192.168.122.194 to 52:54:00:72:f0:e2 via virbr0 Sep 13 05:11:28 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPDISCOVER(virbr1) 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:11:28 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPOFFER(virbr1) 192.168.100.251 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:11:28 host dhcpd: DHCPREQUEST for 192.168.100.251 (192.168.100.1) from 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1: unknown lease 192.168.100.251. Sep 13 05:11:28 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPREQUEST(virbr1) 192.168.100.251 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:11:28 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPACK(virbr1) 192.168.100.251 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:11:36 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPDISCOVER(virbr1) 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:11:36 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPOFFER(virbr1) 192.168.100.251 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:11:36 host dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:11:36 host dhcpd: DHCPOFFER on 192.168.100.107 to 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:11:38 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPREQUEST(virbr1) 192.168.100.107 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:11:38 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPNAK(virbr1) 192.168.100.107 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 address not available Sep 13 05:11:38 host dhcpd: DHCPREQUEST for 192.168.100.107 (192.168.100.1) from 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:11:38 host dhcpd: DHCPACK on 192.168.100.107 to 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:11:53 host dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 52:54:00:72:f0:e2 via virbr0 Sep 13 05:11:53 host dhcpd: DHCPOFFER on 192.168.122.194 to 52:54:00:72:f0:e2 via virbr0 Sep 13 05:11:53 host dhcpd: DHCPREQUEST for 192.168.122.194 (192.168.122.1) from 52:54:00:72:f0:e2 via virbr0 Sep 13 05:11:53 host dhcpd: DHCPACK on 192.168.122.194 to 52:54:00:72:f0:e2 via virbr0 Sep 13 05:12:00 host dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 52:54:00:72:f0:e2 via virbr0 Sep 13 05:12:00 host dhcpd: DHCPOFFER on 192.168.122.194 to 52:54:00:72:f0:e2 via virbr0 Sep 13 05:12:00 host dhcpd: DHCPREQUEST for 192.168.122.194 (192.168.122.1) from 52:54:00:72:f0:e2 via virbr0 Sep 13 05:12:00 host dhcpd: DHCPACK on 192.168.122.194 to 52:54:00:72:f0:e2 via virbr0 Sep 13 05:12:03 host dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:12:03 host dhcpd: DHCPOFFER on 192.168.100.107 to 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:12:03 host dhcpd: DHCPREQUEST for 192.168.100.107 (192.168.100.1) from 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:12:03 host dhcpd: DHCPACK on 192.168.100.107 to 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:12:06 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPDISCOVER(virbr1) 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:12:06 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPOFFER(virbr1) 192.168.100.251 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:12:06 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPREQUEST(virbr1) 192.168.100.107 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:12:06 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPNAK(virbr1) 192.168.100.107 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 address not available Sep 13 05:12:08 host dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:12:08 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPDISCOVER(virbr1) 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:12:08 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPOFFER(virbr1) 192.168.100.251 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:12:08 host dhcpd: DHCPOFFER on 192.168.100.107 to 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:12:08 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPREQUEST(virbr1) 192.168.100.107 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 Sep 13 05:12:08 host dnsmasq-dhcp[1882]: DHCPNAK(virbr1) 192.168.100.107 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 address not available Sep 13 05:12:08 host dhcpd: DHCPREQUEST for 192.168.100.107 (192.168.100.1) from 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 Sep 13 05:12:08 host dhcpd: DHCPACK on 192.168.100.107 to 52:54:00:2a:e0:a6 via virbr1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- So, is there a way to stop dnsmasq from starting automatically when starting libvird? I haven't been able to see any trace of it in the init scripts, and my guessing is that it's started not as a service, but in an ad-hoc manner by libvirt-bin. Checking the dependencies of the libvirt-bin package, I've noticed that dnsmasq is among them. So, my question is whether, starting dnsmasq automatically is something that is hard coded in libvirt-bin or is it just started in some other way that I am not aware of? Any suggestions would be really appreciated. Thanks, Marwan

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[libvirt-users] After a 'virsh blockpull', 'virsh snapshot-list --tree' o/p does not reflect reality
by Kashyap Chamarthy 13 Sep '12

13 Sep '12

Hi (Eric?), A couple of questions while using the 'virsh blockpull' Summary: 1] Created snapshots this way: base<-snap1<-snap2<-snap3 (online, external snapshot --disk-only) 2] I did a 'virsh blockpull' from snap2 into snap3 3] Next, did another 'virsh blockpull' from snap1 into snap3 - Here, 'qemu-img info /path/to/snap3' shows its backing file correctly as snap1. But not 'virsh snapshot-list $domain --tree' . Any hints? Detail: #=========================================# [root@moon ~]# virsh domblklist daisy --details Type Device Target Source ------------------------------------------------ file disk vda /export/vmimgs/daisy.qcow2 [root@moon ~]# #=========================================# [root@moon ~]# virsh snapshot-create-as daisy snap1-daisy "snap1 description" --diskspec vda,file=/export/vmimgs/snap1-daisy.qcow2 --disk-only --atomic Domain snapshot snap1-daisy created [root@moon ~]# #=========================================# [root@moon ~]# virsh snapshot-create-as daisy snap2-daisy "snap2 description" --diskspec vda,file=/export/vmimgs/snap2-daisy.qcow2 --disk-only --atomic Domain snapshot snap2-daisy created [root@moon ~]# #=========================================# [root@moon ~]# virsh snapshot-create-as daisy snap3-daisy "snap3 description" --diskspec vda,file=/export/vmimgs/snap3-daisy.qcow2 --disk-only --atomic Domain snapshot snap3-daisy created #=========================================# [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# virsh snapshot-list daisy Name Creation Time State ------------------------------------------------------------ clean-rawhide-f17 2011-12-08 14:34:55 +0530 shutoff snap1-daisy 2012-09-12 14:58:18 +0530 disk-snapshot snap2-daisy 2012-09-12 14:59:30 +0530 disk-snapshot snap3-daisy 2012-09-12 15:00:36 +0530 disk-snapshot #=========================================# [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# virsh snapshot-list daisy --tree clean-rawhide-f17 snap1-daisy | +- snap2-daisy | +- snap3-daisy [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# #=========================================# => For clarity, listing out the backing files of each image. #=========================================# [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# qemu-img info /export/vmimgs/snap3-daisy.qcow2 image: /export/vmimgs/snap3-daisy.qcow2 file format: qcow2 virtual size: 20G (21474836480 bytes) disk size: 129M cluster_size: 65536 backing file: /export/vmimgs/snap2-daisy.qcow2 #=========================================# [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# qemu-img info /export/vmimgs/snap2-daisy.qcow2 image: /export/vmimgs/snap2-daisy.qcow2 file format: qcow2 virtual size: 20G (21474836480 bytes) disk size: 3.6M cluster_size: 65536 backing file: /export/vmimgs/snap1-daisy.qcow2 #=========================================# [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# qemu-img info /export/vmimgs/snap1-daisy.qcow2 image: /export/vmimgs/snap1-daisy.qcow2 file format: qcow2 virtual size: 20G (21474836480 bytes) disk size: 2.5M cluster_size: 65536 backing file: /export/vmimgs/daisy.qcow2 [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# #=========================================# => NOTE: we're pulling snap2 data into snap3, by doing a 'virsh blockpull' <= #=========================================# [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# virsh blockpull --domain daisy --path /export/vmimgs/snap3-daisy.qcow2 --base /export/vmimgs/snap2-daisy.qcow2 --wait --verbose Block Pull: [100 %] Pull complete [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# #=========================================# [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# qemu-img info /export/vmimgs/snap3-daisy.qcow2 image: /export/vmimgs/snap3-daisy.qcow2 file format: qcow2 virtual size: 20G (21474836480 bytes) disk size: 143M cluster_size: 65536 backing file: /export/vmimgs/snap2-daisy.qcow2 [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# #=========================================# [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# virsh snapshot-list daisy --tree clean-rawhide-f17 snap1-daisy | +- snap2-daisy | +- snap3-daisy [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# #=========================================# => Now, let's pull the data from 'snap1' into 'snap3' (so that we can make 'snap2' redundant, and reduce the snapshot chain. #=========================================# [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# virsh blockpull --domain daisy --path /export/vmimgs/snap3-daisy.qcow2 --base /export/vmimgs/snap1-daisy.qcow2 --wait --verbose Block Pull: [100 %] Pull complete #=========================================# NOTE: now the snapshot-tree should flattened (as we pulled the data from snap1 into snap3). Let's check by running 'qemu-img' . (so the backing-file is now pointing to snap1, as expected) #=========================================# [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# qemu-img info /export/vmimgs/snap3-daisy.qcow2 image: /export/vmimgs/snap3-daisy.qcow2 file format: qcow2 virtual size: 20G (21474836480 bytes) disk size: 145M cluster_size: 65536 backing file: /export/vmimgs/snap1-daisy.qcow2 [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# #=========================================# Here, shouldn't 'virsh snapshot-list' --tree be updated as well ?(since 'snap2' is no more the backing file for 'snap3' ?) #=========================================# [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# virsh snapshot-list daisy --tree clean-rawhide-f17 snap1-daisy | +- snap2-daisy | +- snap3-daisy [root@moon libvirt-0.10.1-3]# #=========================================# Version Details: #=========================================# [root@moon ~]# rpm -q qemu-kvm libvirt; uname -r qemu-kvm-1.2-0.2.20120806git3e430569.fc17.x86_64 libvirt-0.10.1-3.fc17.x86_64 3.5.2-3.fc17.x86_64 [root@moon ~]# #=========================================# Any ideas why the 'tree' isn't updated yet? -- /kashyap

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[libvirt-users] libvirtd on MacOS X
by Waldemar Brodkorb 13 Sep '12

13 Sep '12

Hi, I am trying to run libvirtd on MacOS X, but for now without success. My hypervisor is VirtualBox. Libvirt is installed from ports system. Without libvirtd I can see my virtual machines: LIBVIRT_LOG_FILTERS=1:vbox virsh -c vbox:///session setlocale: No such file or directory 2012-09-13 08:56:43.937+0000: -1: info : libvirt version: 0.9.10 2012-09-13 08:56:43.937+0000: -1: debug : tryLoadOne:163 : Found VBoxXPCOMC.dylib in '/Applications/VirtualBox.app/Contents/MacOS' 2012-09-13 08:56:43.937+0000: -1: debug : vboxRegister:97 : VBoxCGlueInit found API version: 4.1.22 (4001022) 2012-09-13 08:56:43.937+0000: -1: debug : vboxRegister:129 : VirtualBox API version: 4.1 2012-09-13 08:56:43.953+0000: -1: debug : vboxOpen:1048 : in vboxOpen 2012-09-13 08:56:43.962+0000: -1: debug : vboxNetworkOpen:7319 : network initialized 2012-09-13 08:56:43.965+0000: -1: debug : vboxStorageOpen:8137 : vbox storage initialized Welcome to virsh, the virtualization interactive terminal. Type: 'help' for help with commands 'quit' to quit virsh # list Id Name State ---------------------------------------------------- 4 xen01 running 5 xen02 running After starting libvirtd as root, I can connect, but no machines are displayed: LIBVIRT_LOG_FILTERS=1:vbox virsh -c vbox+tcp://192.168.100.83/session setlocale: No such file or directory 2012-09-13 09:02:19.399+0000: -1: info : libvirt version: 0.9.10 2012-09-13 09:02:19.399+0000: -1: debug : tryLoadOne:163 : Found VBoxXPCOMC.dylib in '/Applications/VirtualBox.app/Contents/MacOS' 2012-09-13 09:02:19.399+0000: -1: debug : vboxRegister:97 : VBoxCGlueInit found API version: 4.1.22 (4001022) 2012-09-13 09:02:19.399+0000: -1: debug : vboxRegister:129 : VirtualBox API version: 4.1 Welcome to virsh, the virtualization interactive terminal. Type: 'help' for help with commands 'quit' to quit virsh # list Id Name State ---------------------------------------------------- virsh # When trying to start libvirtd as the user, which started the virtual machines, I get: 1|wbx@neon:~ $ libvirtd -v -l libvirtd: initialization failed Any idea what is wrong here? Do I have to start libvirtd in the context of the user, to see the virtual machines? Thanks in advance for any advice, Waldemar

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[libvirt-users] how make the pool to be inactive?
by zhijun liu 13 Sep '12

13 Sep '12

hi,all I want to delete the storage pool,but libvirt tell me say: > error: Failed to delete pool virtimages > > error: Requested operation is not valid: storage pool is still active > > > the question is how to make the pool's status to be inactive? thanks liuzhijun

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[libvirt-users] Network inoperable with QEMU arm example image
by Larry Brown 12 Sep '12

12 Sep '12

I am running Fedora 16 64bit and installed libvirt. I have the VM running with arm emulation with this one issue I can't figure out. I used Virtual Machine Manager to manage the VM and can access its console there. The Ethernet appears to be eth1 and the guest can set an IP on it etc. However, I cannot see any traffic from the Host when dumping any of the interfaces. I've tried several combinations of network setups using the GUI and none appear to work. Optimally I'd like to bridge to my primary interface (em1) and be able to pull an address and talk directly to my network so I can download packages etc while in the VM. I tried setting up networking in that fashion with: Source Device : em1 with macvtap Device Model: Hypervisor Default Source Mode: Bridge but alas I cannot pull dhcp nor can I set a static address and ping other interfaces on the network. It also appears that every time I start the VM it creates another vnetX interface. One of the troubleshooting pages I came across listed all the tools but nothing about what to look for: 1) virsh net-list --all Name State Autostart ----------------------------------------- default active yes 2) brctl show bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces virbr0 8000.52540029e6c7 yes virbr0-nic vnet0 vnet1 vnet2 vnet3 vnet4 3) sysctl net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables sysctl net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1 4) iptables -L -v -n Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 767K packets, 189M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT udp -- virbr0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp dpt:53 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- virbr0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:53 0 0 ACCEPT udp -- virbr0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp dpt:67 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- virbr0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:67 Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * virbr0 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.122.0/24 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 0 0 ACCEPT all -- virbr0 * 192.168.122.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 ACCEPT all -- virbr0 virbr0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 REJECT all -- * virbr0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-port-unreachable 0 0 REJECT all -- virbr0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-port-unreachable Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 532K packets, 79M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 5) ps -ef | grep dnsmasq nobody 12382 1 0 Sep11 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/dnsmasq --strict-order --bind-interfaces --pid-file=/var/run/libvirt/network/default.pid --conf-file= --except-interface lo --listen-address 192.168.122.1 --dhcp-range 192.168.122.2,192.168.122.254 --dhcp-leasefile=/var/lib/libvirt/dnsmasq/default.leases --dhcp-lease-max=253 --dhcp-no-override 6) ifconfig -a em1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:19:B9:48:2B:BA inet addr:10.45.212.46 Bcast:10.45.212.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::219:b9ff:fe48:2bba/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:19048593 errors:95686 dropped:154 overruns:0 frame:98437 TX packets:10619346 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:12559170813 (11.6 GiB) TX bytes:1700214519 (1.5 GiB) Interrupt:16 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:2978074 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:2978074 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:847201395 (807.9 MiB) TX bytes:847201395 (807.9 MiB) macvtap0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:AC:7F:0C inet6 addr: fe80::5054:ff:feac:7f0c/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:294814 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:6 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:42804350 (40.8 MiB) TX bytes:468 (468.0 b) virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:29:E6:C7 inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:621 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:43217 (42.2 KiB) virbr0-nic Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:29:E6:C7 BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) vnet0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:54:00:AC:7F:0C BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:38159 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:1995337 (1.9 MiB) vnet1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:54:00:AC:7F:0C BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:37299 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:1949439 (1.8 MiB) vnet2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:54:00:AC:7F:0C BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:36154 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:1888745 (1.8 MiB) vnet3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:54:00:AC:7F:0C BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:35068 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:1832375 (1.7 MiB) vnet4 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:54:00:AC:7F:0C BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:207 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:10896 (10.6 KiB) 7) cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward 1 Any help I can get to resolve this would be greatly appreciated. Very frustrating... Larry

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[libvirt-users] virtual networking - virbr0-nic interface
by Shantanu Pavgi 12 Sep '12

12 Sep '12

I need some help in understanding libvirt's virtual networking. I have configured bridged networking (shared physical device) on libvirt+KVM system which is working fine. Also, I am using default NAT network on with virbr0 bridge device and virbr0-nic. I would like to get better understanding on virbr0-nic works in this virtual network configuration. I understand that traffic from virbr0 bridge is forwarded through host system's physical interface eth0 using iptables rules, but I am not following virbr0-nic's working here. I see it attached to virbr0 bridge device though. {{{ $ brctl show bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces br0 8000.14feb5dc4f06 no eth0 vnet1 virbr0 8000.525400f5a4ed yes virbr0-nic vnet2 }}} Any pointers on how virbr0 and virbr0-nic work would be really helpful. -- Thanks, Shantanu

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[libvirt-users] problem starting virt-manager
by Lentes, Bernd 12 Sep '12

12 Sep '12

Hi, i try to run virt-manager on a SLES 11 SP1 box. I'm using kernel 2.6.32.12 and virt-manager 0.9.4-106.1.x86_64 . The system is a 64bit box. Here is the output: ========================= pc56846:/media/idg2/SysAdmin_AG_Wurst/software_und_treiber/virt_manager/sles_11_sp1 # virt-manager & [1] 9659 pc56846:/media/idg2/SysAdmin_AG_Wurst/software_und_treiber/virt_manager/sles_11_sp1 # Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virt-manager.py", line 386, in <module> main() File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virt-manager.py", line 247, in main from virtManager import cli File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virtManager/cli.py", line 29, in <module> import libvirt File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/libvirt.py", line 25, in <module> raise lib_e ImportError: /usr/lib64/libvirt.so.0: undefined symbol: selinux_virtual_domain_context_path [1]+ Exit 1 virt-manager ========================= As you see, virt-manager does not start. Thanks for any hint. Bernd -- Bernd Lentes Systemadministration Institut für Entwicklungsgenetik Gebäude 35.34 - Raum 208 HelmholtzZentrum münchen bernd.lentes(a)helmholtz-muenchen.de phone: +49 89 3187 1241 fax: +49 89 3187 2294 http://www.helmholtz-muenchen.de/idg Wir sollten nicht den Tod fürchten, sondern das schlechte Leben Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH) Ingolstädter Landstr. 1 85764 Neuherberg www.helmholtz-muenchen.de Aufsichtsratsvorsitzende: MinDir´in Bärbel Brumme-Bothe Geschäftsführer: Prof. Dr. Günther Wess und Dr. Nikolaus Blum Registergericht: Amtsgericht München HRB 6466 USt-IdNr: DE 129521671

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[libvirt-users] Addition of Eucalyptus to IaaS section
by Eric Choi 12 Sep '12

12 Sep '12

Hello there, I’m not sure if this is the right mailing list, but I’d like to see if we can add Eucalyptus to the IaaS page here: http://libvirt.org/apps.html#iaas Please let me know what is required in order to add us? Thanks very much, *_________________________* *Eric Choi - *Product Marketing *Eucalyptus Systems* www.eucalyptus.com +1 508 348-9778 Follow us on Twitter <http://twitter.com/#!/eucalyptuscloud> Like our Facebook Page<http://www.facebook.com/pages/Eucalyptus-Systems-Inc/164828240204708> Keep up-to-date with us<http://go.eucalyptus.com/Sign-Up-for-Cloud-Computing-News.html?Offer=Other&…> *_________________________*

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[libvirt-users] issue with kvm host crashing
by David M. Barlieb 11 Sep '12

11 Sep '12

I have a dell r910 with rhel6.2 on it and libvirt 0.8. This machine is hosting 12 virtual guests. Every 3 - 5 months the server crashes for no apparent reason. The logs show no kernel panics or other issues causing the crash. The sar logs show a very high context switch count ( approx. 170000). and also high runq-sz (approx. 10 - 18). The cpu's were mostly idle, memory usage low, no swapping, disk io very low as well. This also occurs on a number of other rhel6.2 servers I have using KVM/libvirt/qemu for virtualization. I am curious if anyone else has reported incidents like this. After the crash the servers all come backup, but as you can imagine, it is troubling to see this kind of behavior, especially with these machines hosting production guests. Any help or suggestions on what to look for would be helpful. Regards

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[libvirt-users] dumpxml and edit the vm xml are not match.
by Timon Wang 11 Sep '12

11 Sep '12

I use vnc with password for the vm graphics, it works well. When I want to dump the xml of the vm, I found that the dumped xml does not contains the password properties in the graphics node. But when I use virsh edit to check the xml of the vm, I found the password is displayed. It's it a bug or it's just what libvirt designed to perform. -- Focus on: Server Vitualization, Network security,Scanner,NodeJS,JAVA,WWW Blog: http://www.nohouse.net

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[libvirt-users] Reg: Libvirt API does not return, after qemu-kvm is hungup.
by Alphonse Hansel Anthony 10 Sep '12

10 Sep '12

Hi All, I am facing the following issue, while using Libvirt version 0.8.4. (1) Libvirt API does not return, since the qemu-kvm process is hung up. Based on the information available on mail thread *https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=676205* (comment 26 - scenario 1), this has been fixed in later version of Libvirt, specifically in RHEL 6.2(libvirt 0.9.4). I have checked the changelogs between version 0.8.7(RHEL 6.1) & 0.9.4 and was not able to identify the related patch information. Please let me know, If I am looking at the wrong version for this fix? Any help in this regard, would be useful. Thanks, Alphonse Comment reference: --SNIP-- 1. The QEMU process has hung. QEMU won't respond to monitor commands. The API call making the first monitor command will wait forever, any subsequent API calls issuing monitor commands will timeout after ~30 seconds with this libvirt error message. This is expected behaviour when QEMU has hung. --SNIP-- In RHEL-6.2 we have done a number of things to address / mitigate these problems - It is now always possible to destroy a guest, even if the monitor is stuck. This lets you destroy a guest in scenario 1, which is not always possible with RHEL-5 libvirt, without restarting libvirtd. --SNIP-- --EOF--

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[libvirt-users] How to properly test watchdog?
by Russell Jones 10 Sep '12

10 Sep '12

CentOS 6 Hi all, I am working on setting up sanlock + watchdog on a 2 node KVM pair. Sanlock is working beautifully and is preventing access to the VM disks by more than one process as it should across both boxes. I am attempting to test failure scenarios involving watchdog, but I am having a hard time getting it to actually reset the server. I am running wdmd with -D so I can see the register requests. When I start sanlock with "service sanlock start" I can see it talk to the wdmd process, as debug logs "register ............ sanlock_daemon". I then send a "kill -9" signal to the daemon to try to simulate a crash, and wdmd logs "client_pid_dead". I would expect Watchdog to see that the PID is dead and as a result start the timer and reboot the server. It does not do that however. Am I misunderstanding how it reacts to TERM requests? How can I properly test wdmd? Thanks for the help!

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[libvirt-users] Kernel unresponsive after booting 700+ vm's on a single host
by Alfred Bratterud 10 Sep '12

10 Sep '12

For a research project we are trying to boot a very large amount of tiny, custom built VM's on KVM/ubuntu. The maximum VM-count achieved was 1000, but with substantial slowness, and eventually kernel failure, while the cpu/memory loads were nowhere near limits. Where is the likely bottleneck? Any solutions, workarounds, hacks or dirty tricks? A few more details here (tumbleweed question), and the possibility of an upvote: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12243129/kvm-qemu-maximum-vm-count-limit Any tips would be much appreciated! Best regards, Alfred Bratterud Assistant Professor Dept. of Computer Science, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences P: (+47) 2245 3263 M: (+47) 4102 0222

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[libvirt-users] libvirt failed to respond after quite a few vnet bridges were created
by Yih Chuang 09 Sep '12

09 Sep '12

During concurrent 80 VM creation, each VM takes two network connections, libvirtd failed to respond. Neither restart libvirtd nor restart CIMOM helped. There were 152 vnet bridges found on this RHEL KVM host. After all the vnet bridges were manually removed, libvirtd responded normally again. Is there a known issue about the number limit of vnet bridges regarding libvirtd? Thank you. --Yih

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[libvirt-users] boot device
by vivek hari 07 Sep '12

07 Sep '12

Hi, I am trying to create a guest machine on xen virtualized environment and install rhel on it by booting from cdrom. I face a issue in booting device. I gave boot order as hd,cdrom. When doing maiden installation, it will find nothing in hard disk and boots from cd. Once installation is completed and when it boots next time it boots from hard disk. It is the expected behaviour. But it fails to boot from hard disk and again boots from cdrom. I also tried specifying per boot device option. I specified disk image as boot order 1 and cd image as boot order 2. But when i power on for the first time, it tries to boot from harddisk and finds nothing there and says " No bootable device. Going to power off in 30 seconds". But expected is, it should boot from cd after trying hard disk. Below is my domain configuration xml file i used to create guest domain. <domain type='xen'> <name>vm-2</name> <memory>1048576</memory> <vcpu>1</vcpu> <os> <type arch='x86_64'>hvm</type> <loader>/usr/lib/xen/boot/hvmloader</loader>  </os> <features> <acpi/> <apic/> <pae/> </features> <on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff> <on_reboot>restart</on_reboot> <on_crash>restart</on_crash> <devices> <emulator>/usr/lib/xen/bin/qemu-dm</emulator> <disk type='file' device='disk'> <source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/vm-2.img'/> <target dev='xvda' bus='ide' /> <boot order='1'/> <address type='drive' controller='0' bus='0' target='0' unit='0'/> </disk> <disk type='file' device='cdrom'> <source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/Rhel53.iso'/> <target dev='hdc' bus='ide' /> <boot order='2'/> <readonly/> <address type='drive' controller='0' bus='1' target='0' unit='0' /> </disk> <interface type='bridge'> <source bridge='br0'/> </interface> <graphics type='vnc' port='-1' autoport='yes'/> </devices> </domain> I don't know where i am going wrong. So need help in resolving this issue. Thanks,

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[libvirt-users] Live Block Migration with additional attached storage
by Chun-Hung Chen 07 Sep '12

07 Sep '12

Dear all, I am planning to use live block migration with one VM running on local disk and also attached additional disk from iSCSI or other shared storage. When block migration, not only local VM disk is copied to the destination but also the attached additional disk from shared storage. It is not desired in this situation. I just want the local VM disk is copied. Is there anyway to do this scenario? Does the concept of storage pool help this? I browse the source code but don't find hints right now. Thanks. Regards, Arnose

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[libvirt-users] QEMU cmdline for default -smp reasonable (qemuBuildSmpArgs) ?
by sanjay 07 Sep '12

07 Sep '12

Hi! When only the vCPU tag is specified, libvirt by default generates a multi-socket topology(sockets=vCPUs,cores=1,threads=1) for the qemu command line. Is there a specific reason behind choice of this default behavior? Could a default of (socket=1,cores=vCPUs,threads=1) would have been a better choice ? -- Regards, Sanjay

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[libvirt-users] defining directly to the wan/lan
by gary artim 07 Sep '12

07 Sep '12

I have a fedora system configured and running with virsh using kvm/qemu. All I want is to have a fixed ipaddress for that virtual machine. I know that there is the Host and Guest sides to the network. The host has virbr0 interface, which i guess is a bridge. Seem when ever I define a interface to the guest with a type=routed it hoses my other interfaces on the host and requires a console reboot -- completely hanging the network. I'm no networking expert, but there must be a simple N step procedure for defining a static IPaddress to route to a guest machine? Has anyone got this working and have a procedure. My network has 2 nic, eth0 and eth1 (10.0.0.253 and 10.0.1.253), one nic has a route to an nfs machine, the other passes through a linux based router to the wan. I can alias the 10.0.1.253 (eth0) to another address in the subnet, like 10.0.1.251 (eth0:0) and would like to use it in some way to connect to the guest -- I have the nat/routing working fine from the router to eth0:0. The network for libvirt is confusing. It not obvious which side (guest or host) your defining and seem to keep multiple definitions around, even after a restart of libvirtd.service. An help would be great!

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[libvirt-users] problem defining ipaddress
by gary artim 07 Sep '12

07 Sep '12

I have a fedora system configured and running with virsh using kvm/qemu. All I want is to have a fixed ipaddress for that virtual machine. I know that there is the Host and Guest sides to the network. The host has virbr0 interface, which i guess is a bridge. Seem when ever I define a interface to the guest with a type=routed it hoses my other interfaces on the host and requires a console reboot -- completely hanging the network. I'm no networking expert, but there must be a simple N step procedure for defining a static IPaddress to route to a guest machine? Has anyone got this working and have a procedure. My network has 2 nic, eth0 and eth1 (10.0.0.253 and 10.0.1.253), one nic has a route to an nfs machine, the other passes through a linux based router to the wan. I can alias the 10.0.1.253 (eth0) to another address in the subnet, like 10.0.1.251 (eth0:0) and would like to use it in some way to connect to the guest -- I have the nat/routing working fine from the router to eth0:0. The network for libvirt is confusing. It not obvious which side (guest or host) your defining and seem to keep multiple definitions around, even after a restart of libvirtd.service. An help would be great! I have read all the libvirt web info and find it difficult to put the steps together...

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