[libvirt] How to detect if a PCI device is in use?

Hi, all As the $subject says, currently we don't check whether the PCI device is in use or not by guest when reattaching it to host, it causes problems, should we prevent reattaching if the device is in use? if yes, how to detect whether the device is in use or not? The easiest way in my mind is to check if the device is bound to some driver by check if symbol link "driver" (e.g. /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000\:00\:1f.2/) exists, but it's not reasonable, as even if the device is bound to some driver, it probly is not in use by guest, e.g. 1) attach PCI device to guest (non-managed) 2) destroy the guest without detaching the device first 3) reattach the PCI device to host It will be success, and should be success, as it's not used by any stuff, though it's bound to driver ("pci-stub" for qemu, "pciback" for xen). And it seems we can't do any futher lookup to see if the device is in use or not via sysfs. Any idea? Thanks Osier